Substance Use in Pregnancy Remains a Challenge

Four in five women who decrease or stop hazardous alcohol, tobacco, or drug use during pregnancy return to using those substances after their babies are born, but there are concrete steps psychiatrists can take to treat women both before and throughout their pregnancies. Kimberly Yonkers, M.D., director of the Division of Psychological Medicine and the Center for Wellbeing of Women and Mothers at Yale School of Medicine, discussed different substances, their impact on maternal and infant health, and the importance of tailored treatment in a presentation at APA’s Spring Highlights Meeting this past weekend.

Pregnant women tend to stop using alcohol earlier in their pregnancies than they stop using tobacco, cocaine, or marijuana, and they are slowest to stop smoking cigarettes, with many women smoking throughout pregnancy or resuming smoking shortly after delivery, explained Yonkers, who is also editor of the APA journal Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice.

“Cigarette smoking in general has been decreasing, but still between 10% and 15% of women [smoke], and it’s very, very difficult to discontinue smoking, even in pregnancy,” Yonkers said.

Illicit drug use, notably illicit opioid use, also takes a tremendous toll on pregnant women and their infants.

“The rates of opioid use disorder have gone up in the general population, and pregnant women are not immune to this,” Yonkers said. She added that although pregnancy-associated mortality rose 34% between 2007 and 2019, pregnancy deaths related to opioids doubled during that time. “We have to be careful that we’re not just taking care of kids and offspring. We have to take care of moms.”

To that end, the first step is to screen every pregnant woman for substance use disorders, Yonkers said. “If you are not universally screening, you are missing people. That doesn’t mean grabbing a urine test from everyone. It just means asking her and, ideally, engaging her in treatment.”

Yonkers highlighted guidance by the Council on Patient Safety in Women’s Health Care, a group of women’s health organizations, on working with pregnant women who use substances. In addition to universal screening, other key steps the Council recommends include the following:

•   Providing education about substance use disorders, including that they are chronic medical conditions and that medication treatment works for opioid use disorder; explaining the likelihood of neonatal abstinence syndrome; and engaging an appropriate partner.

•   Matching treatment to the woman’s stage of recovery.

•   Ensuring that all patients with substance use disorders are enrolled in a treatment program; incorporating family planning and breastfeeding support; coordinating care among health professionals; and engaging child welfare in safe care protocols. ■